UMD Bee Lab - Last Week in the Apiary

Last Week in the Apiary - 4th Week of August 2026

9/2/2026

A frame covered with bees full of capped brood with few holes in the brood pattern.

A frame of capped brood with a solid brood pattern in a colony that was experiencing a queen event during a past visit. Photo by Eric Malcolm, August 25, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 7 hours 53 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 23.5 minutes
Total Colonies: 64
Temperature (°F):
Hi: tba°
Low: tba°
Avg: tba°
Total Precipitation: tba”

Note: Beltsville weather data from BARC station no longer available due to decommissioning.

Actions:
Performed August inspections and Varroa sampling (n=9). Treated over wintered colonies (n=13) in yards and colonies from spring packages (n=4) with mite loads over 3 mites per 100 bees.

Treated with oxalic acid vapor (OAV). Dosage: 4g per deep brood box.

Observations:
Some treated colonies were VERY defensive when applied OAV. Found one dead colony. One colony that had a queen event was found queen right with a solid brood pattern.

Reflections:
It is always gratifying to see a colony improve from a previous visit. It was a beautiful week for working bees. Wishing we would have applied a second round of formic before it got hot again.

Things in bloom:
Dutch Clover, Red Clover, Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Chicory, Clustered Mountain Mint, Early Goldenrod, Purple Loosestrife, Common Evening Primrose, Ironweed, Grey Goldenrod, Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus, Trumpet Vine, Flowering Spurge, Honeysuckle, Purple Loosestrife, New England Aster, American Pokeweed, False Sunflower, Brown-eyed Susan, Jewelweed, Chinese Bushclover, Japanese Knotweed, Porcelain Berry, Chinese Abelia, White Vervain

Last Week in the Apiary - 3rd week of August 2026

8/24/2026

Bald brood and chewed down brood spaced out on a frame of capped brood.

Bald brood and chewed down brood (CDB) are both hygienic traits that can indicate health issues within the colony. Photo by Eric Malcolm, August 21, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 4 hours 35 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 17 minutes
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: tba°
Low: tba°
Avg: tba°
Total Precipitation: tba”

Note Climate data not yet available for these dates.

Actions:
Performed colony health inspections and sampled for varroa (n=16). Pinched failing, drone laying (DL) queen with Deformed Wing Virus (DWV).

Observations:
We are seeing signs of high Varroa loads in colonies that were treated 4 weeks ago. Colony with the DL queen with DWV was already in the process of superseding her. Seeing a lot of bald brood in colonies. Some chewed down brood is being observed as well. A couple colonies have brought in nectar in abundance since the harvest and are becoming honey bound.

Reflections:
After reviewing lab results from this week’s visit mite loads have continued to rise. It does not appear the recent treatment had the desired effect, and mite loads were well above 2 mites per 100 bees. We are glad we’re monitoring regularly as this would have come as a big surprise in a few months. Monitoring before and after treatment is the only way to be certain if our treatments have the desired effect or not. We will be treating again next week.

Things in bloom:
Dutch Clover, Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Chicory, Clustered Mountain Mint, Early Goldenrod, Purple Loosestrife, Winged Sumac, Common Evening Primrose, Ironweed, Grey Goldenrod, Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus, Trumpet Vine, Flowering Spurge, Honeysuckle, St. John’s Wort, New England Aster, Calico Aster, St John’s Wort, Bird’s-Foot Trefoil

A young worker bee with two mites on her body. One on the back of her thorax and the other on her abdomen.

A honey bee from a colony with visible mite presence. Photo by Eric Malcolm, August 21, 2026.

A look at the frames of bees in the colony with swarm cells that is superseding their sick queen. There is around 1/4 of unoccupied space in the hive.

Two swarm cells on the bottom of brood frames.

August swarm cells.
This colony had a drone laying Queen with deformed wings. They were in the process of superseding her and we observed swarm cells with several day old larvae. Unfortunately, we weren't able to capture a good picture of the queen. Photos by Eric Malcolm, August 21, 2026.

Last Week in the Apiary - 2nd Week of August 2026

8/24/2026

Two 20 frame extractors, recently cleaned, sit in the extraction area as they dry. In the background there are stacks of emptied honey supers ready to be taken out to be cleaned out by the bees.

Cleaned extractors and empty honey supers, ready to be put out to be cleaned by the bees. Photo by Eric Malcolm, August 20, 2026.

Time in the Barn: 7 hours
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: tba°
Low: tba°
Avg: tba°
Total Precipitation: tba”

Note Climate data not yet available for these dates.

Actions:
In the barn: Extracted and strained 330lbs of honey. Checked water content of each bucket with a refractometer. Cleaned up extraction equipment and tools.

Observations:
It was a warm week and the honey was flowing nicely during extraction. Refractometer readings came up consistently high for water content, despite the honey being capped. We later tested and found the refractometer was in need of recalibration. We still need to wrap up and put away the extraction equipment.

Reflections:
We will recheck the water content in our honey in the following week or two. We suspect it will all be below 18.6% water, after seeing how much the refractometer was off by. In the future, we will recalibrate our refractometers prior to extracting.

Things in bloom:
Dutch Clover, Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Chicory, Clustered Mountain Mint, Early Goldenrod, Purple Loosestrife, Winged Sumac, Common Evening Primrose, Ironweed, Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus, Trumpet Vine, Flowering Spurge, Honeysuckle

Last Month in Maryland - July 2026

8/11/2026

Last Week in the Apiary - 1st week of August 2026

8/11/2026

Beekeeper shaking a deep frame of bees into a white basin tub preparing to sample the colony for Varroa.

Shaking bees into a tub, preparing to take a sample of 300 bees to test for Varroa. Photo by Harriet Harris, August 4, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 4 hours 53 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 9 minutes
Time in the Barn: 20 minutes
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 92°
Low: 69°
Avg: 80.3°
Total Precipitation: 2.15”

Actions:
In the yard: Inspected and sampled all research colonies started from packages in the spring for mites (n=33). Checked food stores.
In the barn: Loaded our deep freezer with remaining 10 honey supers to store until we’re ready to finish extracting to prevent pest damage to honey frames.

Observations:
Two colonies had no eggs but acted queen right and 3 colonies had no capped brood. Starting to see more frequent cases of bald brood, small hive beetle adults, and signs of wax moth larvae damage in capped brood area.

Reflections:
We need to feed some of the colonies started from packages as they have little to no honey or nectar stored. We are not sure if the queens that were not seen are due to a queenless colony or a colony late in the process of requeening.

Things in bloom:
Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Daisy Fleabane, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Spearmint, Peppermint, Basil, St. John’s Wort, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Brown-eyed Susan, Glossy Abelia, New England Aster, Swamp Milkweed, Tropical Milkweed, Anise Hyssop, Culver’s Root, Japanese Spiraea, False Sunflower, Winged Sumac

Last Week in the Apiary - 5th Week of July 2026

8/5/2026

A solo colony sits on a rooftop open while being inspected (beekeeper not shown). The colony is full of bees and appears very healthy.

A rooftop research colony started this year as a split appears to be thriving! Photo by Eric Malcolm, July 28, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 4 hours 48 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 14 minutes
Time in the Barn: 22 hours 5 minutes
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 88°
Low: 62°
Avg: 75.6°
Total Precipitation: 0.76”

Actions:
In the yard: Performed health inspection (n=1) on one of our single colony yards. Pulled 17 full honey supers from overwintered colonies (n=20) and removed all empty supers. Left small number of supers with nectar on strong colonies.
In the barn: A small group of us cleaned the extraction area and sanitized surfaces and equipment for honey extraction. We extracted half of our honey on Friday.

Observations:
We are noticing honey production is down this year. We are also starting to see more small hive beetle (SHB) adults this week.

Reflections:
Several overwintered colonies that were strong in the spring produced only one super of honey. This is the second year this appears to be true for at least some of our colonies. To help prevent or minimize small hive beetle damage, we are condensing colonies down to maximize adult bee coverage on each frame. We have 10 supers left to extract.

Things in bloom:
Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Dutch Clover, Yellow Sweet Clover, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Spearmint, Peppermint, Basil, St. John’s Wort, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Glossy Abelia, Purple Loosestrife, Wild Potato Vine, New England Aster, Swamp Milkweed, Tropical Milkweed, Anise Hyssop, Bottlebrush Buckeye, Culver’s Root, Japanese Spiraea, False Sunflower, Winged Sumac

Last Month in Maryland - June 2026

7/28/2026

Last Week in the Apiary - 4th Week of July 2026

7/28/2026

Forager bees landing on the hive entrance bringing in bright yellow pollen while other bees are fanning Nasanov pheromone.

Foragers bringing in yellow pollen in mid-July and other bees fanning Nasanov pheromone. Photo by Eric Malcolm, July 16, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 3 hour 08 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 8 minutes
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 93°
Low: 56°
Avg: 76°
Total Precipitation: 0.59”

Actions:
Found and moved queens and medium brood boxes back below excluder in hives that were put back together incorrectly at last weeks inspections (n=3). Removed empty supers. Replaced 3 medium frames in a deep brood box (n=1). Finished July health inspections and mite sampling (n=10) for our overwintered colonies.

Treated with Formic Pro (n=15), 2 strips per colony.

Observations:
We are starting to see more Small Hive Beetle (SHB) adults present during inspections. Still seeing nectar shaking out when shaking bees off frames during sampling. Bees were bringing in a lot of pollen this week.

Reflections:
The cooler weather this week has been a relief and allowed us to fit a formic acid application in to knock down colonies with high mite loads. We were incredibly grateful for that, as it saved us from doing several oxalic acid applications over the next 5 weeks!

Things in bloom:
Mimosa tree, Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Dutch Clover, Yellow Sweet Clover, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, St. John’s Wort, Blue Vervain, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Glossy Abelia, Purple Loosestrife, Wild Potato Vine, New England Aster, Ironweed

Last Week in the Apiary - 3rd Week of July 2026

7/22/2026

A nurse bee cares for a developing queen larva in a supersedure cell. Photo by Eric Malcolm, July 15, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 6 hours 13 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 8 minutes
Time in the Barn: 3 hours
Total Colonies: 65
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 96°
Low: 62°
Avg: 79.1°
Total Precipitation: 0.0”

Actions:
Fed spring package colonies 1.5 gallon of 1:1 syrup (n=34). Removed empty supers from colonies. Performed full inspections on select overwintered colonies and took samples for mites (n=14). Added 2 frames of bees, capped brood, and eggs to a queenless colony (n=1).

Observations:
Of the fourteen colonies inspected, the average temperament was 3 out of 5, with four colonies between 1.5 and 2 out of 5 which is very defensive. Two colonies had recent queen events: 1 virgin queen from supersedure, 1 queenless. Colonies outside of foraging radius of fed spring package colonies, had nectar in cells not yet dense enough to stay in place when shaken ("shake out") in sampled brood frames, suggesting there is a source of nectar. Some of the honey we’re seeing in capped cells is very dark and tastes good (not spotted lanternfly), may be tulip poplar.

Reflections:
We have been hesitant to continue pushing our treatment schedule back, but this was another week of intense heat and decided to push it back ONE MORE WEEK.

Things in bloom:
Mullein, Mimosa tree, Crepe Myrtle, Queen Anne’s Lace, Dutch Clover, Yellow Sweet Clover, Hare’s Foot Clover, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, St. John’s Wort, Blue Vervain, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Glossy Abelia, Purple Loosestrife, Wild Potato Vine, New England Aster, Ironweed

Last Week in the Apiary - 2nd Week of July 2026

7/16/2026

A beekeeper sampling bees using a 50 milliliter tube from a white tub..

Sampling colonies for diagnostics. Photo by Harriet Harris. July 8, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 6 hours 24 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 11.5 minutes
Total Colonies: 67
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 101°
Low: 69°
Avg: 79.6°
Total Precipitation: 2.89”

Actions:
Sampled for Varroa and did full inspections on spring package colonies (n=33). Also checked food stores for these same colonies.

Observations:
Colonies started from packages in the spring did not have ample food stores (boxes in brood area have little to no frames of food) and require urgent feeding. Four colonies had temperament of 2 out of 5, which is on the spicy side of normal. One colony recently requeened themselves. On average, these colonies were around 8.7 frames of bees.

Reflections:
This week we had planned to start our treatment cycle of oxalic acid vaporization but pushed our treatment schedule back by one week to take advantage of the break in heat for sampling.

Things in bloom:
Russian Sage, Dutch Clover, Yellow Sweet Clover, White Sweetclover, Hare’s Foot Clover, Elderberry, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Mullein, Mimosa tree, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Queen Anne’s Lace, Crepe Myrtle, St. John’s Wort, Blue Vervain, White Vervain, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Glossy Abelia, Purple Loosestrife, Wild Potato Vine

Last Week in the Apiary - 1st Week of July 2026

7/10/2026

A plot of wildflowers in bloom; the left quarter plot being full of Early goldenrod (yellow blooms) and the right quarter being full of Narrow-leaf mountain mint (white blooms).

Narrow-leaf mountain mint and Early goldenrod in full bloom in our wildflower meadow. Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 29, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 56 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 28 minutes
Time in the Barn: 10 minutes
Total Colonies: 67
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 100°
Low: 67°
Avg: 80.6°
Total Precipitation: 0.85”

Actions:
In the barn: Loaded wood block stands in truck and got geared up.
In the apiary: Added stands to the last 2 colonies without stands to raise them off of the ground to improve ventilation. We also collected and relocated the black widow spider that was discovered last week, along with many of her spiderlings. Reviewed our Varroa results per yard and made an Oxalic Acid Vaporization treatment schedule to treat yards with colonies near or over the 3 mites per 100 bees (3%) threshold.

Observations:
The heat index this week peaked at 111° and we decided to hold off on doing any intensive field work. The native wildflower plot is continuing to show nice results with Narrow-leaf mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium) and Early goldenrod (Salidago juncea) both in full bloom!

Reflections:
If bee work can not wait for cooler temperatures, be sure to hydrate and consider working bees early in the morning, before the heat of the day. Heat related illness can be cause for serious concern. While we love spiders and a healthy ecosystem, this week served as another reminder to always check under the telescoping lids before grabbing them!

Things in bloom:
Russian Sage, Lavender, Dutch Clover, Sweet Yellow Clover, White Sweetclover, Elderberry, Golden Raintree, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Oakleaf Hydrangea, Common Yarrow, Magnolia, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Mullein, Orange Day-lily, Mimosa tree, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Queen Anne’s Lace, Crepe Myrtle, Staghorn Sumac, Winged Sumac, St. John’s Wort, American Pokeweed, Blue Vervain, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Milkweed, Amur Honeysuckle, Leatherleaf Viburnum, Dogbane, Glossy Abelia

A black widow spider with distinctive red markings on her back. She and her spiderlings are inside of a plastic bag while being moved from the apiary.

A large black widow spider and spiderlings in a plastic bag for transport to the UMD Insect Zoo. Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 29, 2026.

Last Week in the Apiary - 4th Week of June 2026

7/1/2026

Honey bees clearing out recently emptied emergency queen cells. Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 25, 2026, College Park, MD.

Time in the Yard: 6 hours 20 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 7 minutes
Total Colonies: 67
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 91°
Low: 58°
Avg: 75.21°
Total Precipitation: 0.74”

Actions:
Performed full colony health inspections and sampled overwintered colonies for Varroa (n=22). Took a count of supers with capped honey to prepare for harvesting and extraction. Added supers with foundation to package colonies for space (n=24).

Observations:
We spotted evidence of successful emergency requeening in one colony. Two colonies observed had entombed honey and pollen in their brood chamber, which can be an indicator of pesticide presence. One colony was recorded as Queen Not Seen (QNS), where no eggs were seen, but there were plenty of very young larvae and the colony behaved as if queen right. Most overwintered colonies have 1 super of capped honey and are working on their second super. Very few small hive beetles (SHB) seen in the operation this week. Only one colony had 12 beetles that we dispatched. The most exciting find of the week was a female Black Widow spider and 3 egg sacs hanging under a lid of a hive.

Reflections:
There still appears to be a lot of options for foraging but the nectar flow has slowed significantly. We are not seeing the same slow and steady build up we saw over the past few weeks regarding food stores. As population growth slows, we will be keeping a close eye on space and removing empty or unneeded boxes from the hive. We are planning to harvest within the next 3 weeks.

Things in bloom:
Russian Sage, Dutch Clover, Elderberry, Sweet Yellow Clover, White Sweetclover, Golden Raintree, Chicory, Common Cinquefoil, Yucca (Adam's Needle), Oakleaf Hydrangea, Common Yarrow, Magnolia, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Mullein, Orange Day-lily, Mimosa tree, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Queen Anne’s Lace, Crepe Myrtle, Staghorn Sumac, Winged Sumac, St. John’s Wort, American Pokeweed, Blue Vervain, Hare’s Foot Clover, Field Bindweed, Early Goldenrod, Black-eyed Susan, Milkweed, Amur Honeysuckle, Daisy Fleabane, Leatherleaf Viburnum, Dogbane, Glossy Abelia, Japanese Knotweed

Last Week in the Apiary - 3rd Week of June 2026

6/23/2026

Pollinators visiting newly emerged Narrowleaf mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium). Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 16, 2026, Beltsville, MD.

Time in the Yard: 0 minutes
Time in the Barn: 8 hours
Total Colonies: 67
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 92°
Low: 54°
Avg: 73.8°
Total Precipitation: 0.37”

Actions:
We scraped and cleaned boxes (n=20) of old stored medium frames and foundation that had damaged wax comb. We also applied fresh beeswax to the foundation in preparation to add space to growing packages.

Observations:
Cleaning and waxing the foundation took much longer than expected. Our plot of Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, planted 2 years ago, have just started to bloom in our wildflower plot for the first time!

Reflections:
It would have taken less time but more money to replace the damage wax comb foundations with new, waxed foundation. We still felt good about the time spent because we were able to reuse the old plastic and not send it to the landfill.

Things in bloom:
Russian Sage, Dutch Clover, Red Clover, Elderberry, Sweet Yellow Clover, White Sweetclover, Golden Raintree, Chicory, Basswood, Common Cinquefoil, Yucca (Adam's Needle), Oakleaf Hydrangea, Hydrangea, Common Yarrow, Magnolia, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Mullein, Orange Day-lily, Mimosa tree, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Clustered Mountain Mint, Virginia Mountain Mint, Chinese Chestnut, Queen Anne’s Lace, Crepe Myrtle, Staghorn Sumac, Winged Sumac, St. John’s Wort

A large plot of Narrowleaf Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium) planted in the Fall of 2024, grows and blooms for the first time.

A large plot of Narrowleaf Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium) planted in the Fall of 2024, grows and blooms for the first time. Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 16, 2026, Beltsville, MD.

Last Week in the Apiary- 2nd Week of June 2026

6/18/2026

A cluster of white Silky Dogwood flowers with a backdrop of green foliage.

A cluster of blooms on a Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum). Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 6, 2026, College Park, MD.

Time in the Yard: 30 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 6 minutes
Total Colonies: 67
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 95°
Low: 58°
Avg: 76.8°
Total Precipitation: 0.73”

Actions:
Added supers to package colonies (n=5) that had comb starting to be drawn between the top medium brood box and the inner cover.

Observations:
Nectar is still coming in and we’re starting to see more capped honey than in past weeks.

Reflections:
We were happy but a little surprised by the need for supers during last weeks inspection, but the packages have really taken off now that brood is emerging. We could have saved our trip this week had we packed some honey supers on the truck "just in case" during our inspecting for queens last week.

Note to self: Always keep some extra boxes on the truck.

Things in bloom:
Russian Sage, Dutch Clover, Red Clover, Elderberry, Sweet Yellow Clover, White Sweetclover, Golden Raintree, Chicory, Basswood, Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, Common Cinquefoil, Yucca (Adam's Needle), Oakleaf Hydrangea, Hydrangea, Common Yarrow, Sweet William, Foxglove Beardtongue, Magnolia, Purple Crown Vetch, Daisy Fleabane, Mullein, Orange Day-lily, Silky Dogwood, Mimosa tree, Narrowleaf Mountain Mint, Chinese Chestnut, Queen Anne’s Lace, Crepe Myrtle, Staghorn Sumac, Winged Sumac

Last Week in the Apiary - 1st Week of June 2026

6/9/2026

A brood frame full of capped brood, pollen, and bees. On the bottom left of the image is a capped supersedure cell and to the upper right the current queen can be seen, unmarked. from a bee hive

A capped supersedure cell in a queen right colony believed to be superseding their current queen. Photo by Eric Malcolm, June 4, 2026.

Time in the Yard: 4 hours 51 minutes
Avg Time per Colony: 7.5 minutes
Total Colonies: 66
Temperature (°F):
Hi: 89°
Low: 47°
Avg: 66.35°
Total Precipitation: 0.0”

Actions:
We checked our package colonies for queen status and for swarm, supersedure, and emergency queen cells (n=35)
Combined a weak and queenless colony (n=1) with a stronger colony. Removed swarm cells (n=1).

Applied Formic Pro (n=2), 2 strips each, to a small yard where one colony tested above 3 mites per 100 bees.

Observations:
Three of the thirty-six colonies made from packages were found to have gone queenless, despite repeated attempts at requeening. One colony was superseding their queen. Nectar is starting to come in more noticeably and colony populations are growing. We will need to install supers on a few of our package colonies and combine one other queenless colony next week.

Reflections:
We started our field day early to try to miss the hottest part of the day. Temperatures are beginning to climb above 85°F consistently and we have to be mindful of potential heat related illness. Staying hydrated, taking frequent A/C or shade breaks during the day are good ways to keep ourselves from overheating.

Things in bloom: Amur Honeysuckle, Russian Sage, Dutch Clover, Red Clover, Catalpa, Southern Arrowwood , Elderberry, Butterfly Weed, Sweet Yellow Clover, Japanese Lilac Tree, Golden Raintree, Chicory, Basswood, Rhododendron, Mountain Laurel, Catalpa, Multi-flora Rose, Ground Ivy, Common Cinquefoil, White Dogwood, Border Privet, Yucca (Adam's Needle), Oakleaf Hydrangea, Common Yarrow, Sweet William, Foxglove Beardtongue, Magnolia